# 一.Dijkstra

# 1.Dijkstra 简介

image-20230925193327109

Edsger Wybe Dijkstra

艾兹格·维布·迪克斯特拉(Edsger Wybe Dijkstra,/ˈdaɪkstrə/ DYKE-strə;荷兰语:[ˈɛtsxər ˈʋibə ˈdɛikstra] 1930 年 5 月 11 日-2002 年 8 月 6 日)是一位荷兰计算机科学家、程序员、软件工程师、系统科学家和科学散文家。他因对开发结构化编程语言做出的基础贡献而获得了 1972 年的图灵奖,并担任德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的斯伦贝谢百年计算机科学主席,任职时间从 1984 年到 2000 年。在他于 2002 年去世前不久,他因其在程序计算的自稳定性方面的工作而获得了 ACM PODC 分布式计算有影响力论文奖。为了纪念他,该年度奖项在接下来的一年更名为迪克斯特拉奖。

迪克斯特拉在计算机科学领域的贡献

  1. 最短路径算法,也称为迪克斯特拉算法,现代计算机科学本科课程中广泛教授
  2. Shunting yard 算法
  3. THE OS 操作系统
  4. 银行家算法
  5. 用于协调多个处理器和程序的信号量构造
  6. 在分布式计算领域提出概念:自稳定性

# 2.有向无环图

graph LR
    1--7-->2
    1--9--->3
    1--14--->6
    6--9--->5
    3--2--->6
    2--15--->4
    3--11--->4
    4--6--->5
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# 3.算法描述

算法描述:

  1. 将所有顶点标记为未访问。创建一个未访问顶点的集合。
  2. 为每个顶点分配一个临时距离值
    • 对于我们的初始顶点,将其设置为零
    • 对于所有其他顶点,将其设置为无穷大。
  3. 每次选择最小临时距离的未访问顶点,作为新的当前顶点
  4. 对于当前顶点,遍历其所有未访问的邻居,并更新它们的临时距离为更小
    • 例如,1->6 的距离是 14,而 1->3->6 的距离是 11。这时将距离更新为 11
    • 否则,将保留上次距离值
  5. 当前顶点的邻居处理完成后,把它从未访问集合中删除

# 4.java 实现

public class Dijkstra {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Vertex v1 = new Vertex("v1");
        Vertex v2 = new Vertex("v2");
        Vertex v3 = new Vertex("v3");
        Vertex v4 = new Vertex("v4");
        Vertex v5 = new Vertex("v5");
        Vertex v6 = new Vertex("v6");

        v1.edges = List.of(new Edge(v3, 9), new Edge(v2, 7), new Edge(v6, 14));
        v2.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 15));
        v3.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 11), new Edge(v6, 2));
        v4.edges = List.of(new Edge(v5, 6));
        v5.edges = List.of();
        v6.edges = List.of(new Edge(v5, 9));

        List<Vertex> graph = List.of(v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6);

        dijkstra(graph, v1);
    }

    private static void dijkstra(List<Vertex> graph, Vertex source) {
        ArrayList<Vertex> list = new ArrayList<>(graph);
        source.dist = 0;

        while (!list.isEmpty()) {
            // 3. 选取当前顶点
            Vertex curr = chooseMinDistVertex(list);
            // 4. 更新当前顶点邻居距离
            updateNeighboursDist(curr, list);
            // 5. 移除当前顶点
            list.remove(curr);
        }

        for (Vertex v : graph) {
            System.out.println(v.name + " " + v.dist);
        }
    }

    private static void updateNeighboursDist(Vertex curr, ArrayList<Vertex> list) {
        for (Edge edge : curr.edges) {
            Vertex n = edge.linked;
            if (list.contains(n)) {
                int dist = curr.dist + edge.weight;
                if (dist < n.dist) {
                    n.dist = dist;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private static Vertex chooseMinDistVertex(ArrayList<Vertex> list) {
        Vertex min = list.get(0);
        for (int i = 1; i < list.size(); i++) {
            if (list.get(i).dist < min.dist) {
                min = list.get(i);
            }
        }
        return min;
    }

}
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# 5.优化改进

改进 - 优先级队列

  1. 创建一个优先级队列,放入所有顶点(队列大小会达到边的数量)
  2. 为每个顶点分配一个临时距离值
    • 对于我们的初始顶点,将其设置为零
    • 对于所有其他顶点,将其设置为无穷大。
  3. 每次选择最小临时距离的未访问顶点,作为新的当前顶点
  4. 对于当前顶点,遍历其所有未访问的邻居,并更新它们的临时距离为更小,若距离更新需加入队列
    • 例如,1->6 的距离是 14,而 1->3->6 的距离是 11。这时将距离更新为 11
    • 否则,将保留上次距离值
  5. 当前顶点的邻居处理完成后,把它从队列中删除
public class DijkstraPriorityQueue {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Vertex v1 = new Vertex("v1");
        Vertex v2 = new Vertex("v2");
        Vertex v3 = new Vertex("v3");
        Vertex v4 = new Vertex("v4");
        Vertex v5 = new Vertex("v5");
        Vertex v6 = new Vertex("v6");

        v1.edges = List.of(new Edge(v3, 9), new Edge(v2, 7), new Edge(v6, 14));
        v2.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 15));
        v3.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 11), new Edge(v6, 2));
        v4.edges = List.of(new Edge(v5, 6));
        v5.edges = List.of();
        v6.edges = List.of(new Edge(v5, 9));

        List<Vertex> graph = List.of(v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6);

        dijkstra(graph, v1);
    }

    private static void dijkstra(List<Vertex> graph, Vertex source) {
        PriorityQueue<Vertex> queue = new PriorityQueue<>(Comparator.comparingInt(v -> v.dist));
        source.dist = 0;
        for (Vertex v : graph) {
            queue.offer(v);
        }

        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
            System.out.println(queue);
            // 3. 选取当前顶点
            Vertex curr = queue.peek();
            // 4. 更新当前顶点邻居距离
            if(!curr.visited) {
                updateNeighboursDist(curr, queue);
                curr.visited = true;
            }
            // 5. 移除当前顶点
            queue.poll();
        }

        for (Vertex v : graph) {
            System.out.println(v.name + " " + v.dist + " " + (v.prev != null ? v.prev.name : "null"));
        }
    }

    private static void updateNeighboursDist(Vertex curr, PriorityQueue<Vertex> queue) {
        for (Edge edge : curr.edges) {
            Vertex n = edge.linked;
            if (!n.visited) {
                int dist = curr.dist + edge.weight;
                if (dist < n.dist) {
                    n.dist = dist;
                    n.prev = curr;
                    queue.offer(n);
                }
            }
        }
    }

}
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# 6.存在问题

有负数边的情况

graph LR
v1 --2--> v2
v1 --1--> v3
v2 --"-2"--> v3
v3 --1--> v4
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按照 Dijkstra 算法,得出

  • v1 -> v2 最短距离 2
  • v1 -> v3 最短距离 1
  • v1 -> v4 最短距离 2

事实应当是

  • v1 -> v2 最短距离 2
  • v1 -> v3 最短距离 0
  • v1 -> v4 最短距离 1

# 二.Bellman-Ford

# 1.java 实现

public class BellmanFord {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 正常情况
        /*Vertex v1 = new Vertex("v1");
        Vertex v2 = new Vertex("v2");
        Vertex v3 = new Vertex("v3");
        Vertex v4 = new Vertex("v4");
        Vertex v5 = new Vertex("v5");
        Vertex v6 = new Vertex("v6");

        v1.edges = List.of(new Edge(v3, 9), new Edge(v2, 7), new Edge(v6, 14));
        v2.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 15));
        v3.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 11), new Edge(v6, 2));
        v4.edges = List.of(new Edge(v5, 6));
        v5.edges = List.of();
        v6.edges = List.of(new Edge(v5, 9));

        List<Vertex> graph = List.of(v4, v5, v6, v1, v2, v3);*/

        // 负边情况
        /*Vertex v1 = new Vertex("v1");
        Vertex v2 = new Vertex("v2");
        Vertex v3 = new Vertex("v3");
        Vertex v4 = new Vertex("v4");

        v1.edges = List.of(new Edge(v2, 2), new Edge(v3, 1));
        v2.edges = List.of(new Edge(v3, -2));
        v3.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 1));
        v4.edges = List.of();
        List<Vertex> graph = List.of(v1, v2, v3, v4);*/

        // 负环情况
        Vertex v1 = new Vertex("v1");
        Vertex v2 = new Vertex("v2");
        Vertex v3 = new Vertex("v3");
        Vertex v4 = new Vertex("v4");

        v1.edges = List.of(new Edge(v2, 2));
        v2.edges = List.of(new Edge(v3, -4));
        v3.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 1), new Edge(v1, 1));
        v4.edges = List.of();
        List<Vertex> graph = List.of(v1, v2, v3, v4);

        bellmanFord(graph, v1);
    }

    private static void bellmanFord(List<Vertex> graph, Vertex source) {
        source.dist = 0;
        int size = graph.size();
        // 1. 进行 顶点个数 - 1 轮处理
        for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
            // 2. 遍历所有的边
            for (Vertex s : graph) {
                for (Edge edge : s.edges) {
                    // 3. 处理每一条边
                    Vertex e = edge.linked;
                    if (s.dist != Integer.MAX_VALUE && s.dist + edge.weight < e.dist) {
                        e.dist = s.dist + edge.weight;
                        e.prev = s;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        for (Vertex v : graph) {
            System.out.println(v + " " + (v.prev != null ? v.prev.name : "null"));
        }
    }
}
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# 2.负环

graph LR
v1 --2--> v2
v2 --"-4"--> v3
v3 --1--> v4
v3 --1--> v1

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如果在【顶点-1】轮处理完成后,还能继续找到更短距离,表示发现了负环

# 三.Floyd-Warshall

# 1.负环图

graph LR
v1 --"-2"--> v3
v2 --"4"--> v1
v2 --"3"--> v3
v3 --2--> v4
v4 --"-1"--> v2
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# 2.java 实现

public class FloydWarshall {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Vertex v1 = new Vertex("v1");
        Vertex v2 = new Vertex("v2");
        Vertex v3 = new Vertex("v3");
        Vertex v4 = new Vertex("v4");

        v1.edges = List.of(new Edge(v3, -2));
        v2.edges = List.of(new Edge(v1, 4), new Edge(v3, 3));
        v3.edges = List.of(new Edge(v4, 2));
        v4.edges = List.of(new Edge(v2, -1));
        List<Vertex> graph = List.of(v1, v2, v3, v4);

        /*
                直接连通
                v1  v2  v3  v4
            v1  0   ∞   -2  ∞
            v2  4   0   3   ∞
            v3  ∞   ∞   0   2
            v4  ∞   -1  ∞   0

                k=0 借助v1到达其它顶点
                v1  v2  v3  v4
            v1  0   ∞   -2  ∞
            v2  4   0   2   ∞
            v3  ∞   ∞   0   2
            v4  ∞   -1  ∞   0

                k=1 借助v2到达其它顶点
                v1  v2  v3  v4
            v1  0   ∞   -2  ∞
            v2  4   0   2   ∞
            v3  ∞   ∞   0   2
            v4  3   -1  1   0

                k=2 借助v3到达其它顶点
                v1  v2  v3  v4
            v1  0   ∞   -2  0
            v2  4   0   2   4
            v3  ∞   ∞   0   2
            v4  3   -1  1   0

                k=3 借助v4到达其它顶点
                v1  v2  v3  v4
            v1  0   -1   -2  0
            v2  4   0   2   4
            v3  5   1   0   2
            v4  3   -1  1   0
         */
        floydWarshall(graph);
    }

    static void floydWarshall(List<Vertex> graph) {
        int size = graph.size();
        int[][] dist = new int[size][size];
        Vertex[][] prev = new Vertex[size][size];
        // 1)初始化
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            Vertex v = graph.get(i); // v1 (v3)
            Map<Vertex, Integer> map = v.edges.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(e -> e.linked, e -> e.weight));
            for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
                Vertex u = graph.get(j); // v3
                if (v == u) {
                    dist[i][j] = 0;
                } else {
                    dist[i][j] = map.getOrDefault(u, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    prev[i][j] = map.get(u) != null ? v : null;
                }
            }
        }
        print(prev);
        // 2)看能否借路到达其它顶点
        /*
            v2->v1          v1->v?
            dist[1][0]   +   dist[0][0]
            dist[1][0]   +   dist[0][1]
            dist[1][0]   +   dist[0][2]
            dist[1][0]   +   dist[0][3]
         */
        for (int k = 0; k < size; k++) {
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
//                    dist[i][k]   +   dist[k][j] // i行的顶点,借助k顶点,到达j列顶点
//                    dist[i][j]                  // i行顶点,直接到达j列顶点
                    if (dist[i][k] != Integer.MAX_VALUE &&
                            dist[k][j] != Integer.MAX_VALUE &&
                            dist[i][k] + dist[k][j] < dist[i][j]) {
                        dist[i][j] = dist[i][k] + dist[k][j];
                        prev[i][j] = prev[k][j];
                    }
                }
            }
//            print(dist);
        }
        print(prev);
    }

    static void path(Vertex[][] prev, List<Vertex> graph, int i, int j) {
        LinkedList<String> stack = new LinkedList<>();
        System.out.print("[" + graph.get(i).name + "," + graph.get(j).name + "] ");
        stack.push(graph.get(j).name);
        while (i != j) {
            Vertex p = prev[i][j];
            stack.push(p.name);
            j = graph.indexOf(p);
        }
        System.out.println(stack);
    }

    static void print(int[][] dist) {
        System.out.println("-------------");
        for (int[] row : dist) {
            System.out.println(Arrays.stream(row).boxed()
                    .map(x -> x == Integer.MAX_VALUE ? "∞" : String.valueOf(x))
                    .map(s -> String.format("%2s", s))
                    .collect(Collectors.joining(",", "[", "]")));
        }
    }

    static void print(Vertex[][] prev) {
        System.out.println("-------------------------");
        for (Vertex[] row : prev) {
            System.out.println(Arrays.stream(row).map(v -> v == null ? "null" : v.name)
                    .map(s -> String.format("%5s", s))
                    .collect(Collectors.joining(",", "[", "]")));
        }
    }

}
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# 3.负环

如果在 3 层循环结束后,在 dist 数组的对角线处(i==j 处)发现了负数,表示出现了负环

上次更新: 10/29/2024, 10:27:50 AM